Marx’s Bolshevik heirs would later use that confidence in condemnation as grounds to send political opponents to their deaths. Not so Marx, who claimed direct access to Truth, with a capital T, and concluded his manifesto with a series of crushing verdicts on competing radical movements, denounced and condemned, without a shadow of doubt. He distorts the complexity of German idealist philosophy into simplistic claims to predict the future in the form of his “developmental laws of capitalism.” His delusion about his capacity to predict is what made Marx anathema to thinkers like Friedrich von Hayek, who recognized the inescapable fallibility in human judgment. All? For Marx, there is no other dimension to human experience worthy of independent consideration: No history of technology, of ideas, of culture or faith. “All history is the history of class struggle,” his “ Communist Manifesto” begins. European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker speaks at the Basilica of Constantine in Trier, ahead of the opening of major exhibitions on Karl Marx | Patrik Stollarz/AFP via Getty Images
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